William Shakespeare s Macbeth - 1909 Words

Jacobean England was an era of tremendous literary and philosophical advances. King James I was on the throne of England; every author and playwright in Western Europe wanted to be high in King James’ court, none more so than William Shakespeare, who was writing some of his best plays in that time. The most well known of Shakespeare’s plays produced in the Jacobean Era was Macbeth. Macbeth tells the tale of Macbeth, a thane of Scotland, and his descent to madness. One of the characters of this play, Banquo, was also a prominent lord in Scotland, a lord King James believed he was descended from. It seems evident in that in the play, Shakespeare used his portrayal of Banquo to flatter King James. This is clear in the way that Banquo’s role in the real history was changed, in the prophecy given about Banquo, in the way that Banquo was the voice of reason, and in the circumstances surrounding Banquo’s murder. In the real histories of the time, Banquo was eithe r completely unmentioned, or was an accomplice to the murder of King Duncan. In all known records and tales of the murder of King Duncan, Banquo was Macbeth’s best friend who helped him murder King Duncan. For example in Holinshed s Chronicles, a text from which Shakespeare sourced Macbeth, Macbeth consulted Banquo before killing the king: â€Å"At length therefore, communicating his purposed intent with his trustie friends, amongst whome Banquho was the chiefest, vpon confidence of their promised aid, he slue the king atShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1363 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth is without a doubt one of the most captivating plays, in my opinion written by William Shakespeare. Throughout this play there is definitely a numerous amount of things that can catch your attention, whether it is a trio of witches appearing, committing murder, or keeping secrets. However, what really catches my attention is the way Shakespeare uses language and unique style to create a distinct mood, and reveal characters’ inner thoughts. In the play Macbeth written by William ShakespeareRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 884 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth Summary - Act 5 Scenes 1 - 9 Written by Josh, Corey, Sinead, Phoebe and Mason Phoebe Scene 1: So the first scene begins with a physician overseeing Lady Macbeth sleepwalking and muttering to herself while rubbing her hands, trying to remove the imaginary blood. ‘Here’s the smell of the blood still: all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.’ (Act 5 Scene 1 Lines 11-12) This line is important as it represents Lady Macbeth at war with herself and shows she will never moveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1289 Words   |  6 Pages 2015 Macbeth Literary Essay In this 16th century, classic play about a man hungry for power by William Shakespeare there are many intense instances of symbolism used to demonstrate and prove Macbeth’s feelings and behaviour throughout the book. Good symbolism makes you feel what the character feels when reading a story. In the story, â€Å"Macbeth†, Macbeth is shown to be a sly and deceiving person who betrayed his kingdom for his own gain. Three important symbols used to show Macbeth s greed andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1652 Words   |  7 PagesMacbeth is one of William Shakespeare s most famous tragedies, it is believed to have been written and first performed in 1606. Sources indicate that the play was written to appease King James I, who had ascended to the throne after Queen Elizabeth I. The play tells a tale of a brave Scottish Thane named Macbeth, whose thirst for power brought him to murder Duncan, the King of Scotland, only to become a tyrant, and have his actions lea d to his eventual demise as the tragic hero. Throughout the playRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1129 Words   |  5 PagesWindsor 02/10/16 Macbeth William Shakespeare wrote one of best tragedies in english literature, which was titled Macbeth. The tragedy, as it is considered by critics of yesterday s literary world, frown upon the evil dimension of conflict, offering a dark and atmosphere of a world dominated by the powers of darkness. Macbeth, more so than any of Shakespeare s other tragic protagonists, has to face the powers and decide: should he give in or should he resist? Macbeth understands theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth Essay Since the beginning of time people looked up to the stars asking Gods their fate. Fate is a belief, that there is a set path for an event that is both unavoidable and inevitable, that there is a fixed natural order to the cosmos. In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, viewers can observe fate or (prophecy) playing a major role. William Shakespeare was born April 1564 and died May 1616, during his life Shakespeare wrote 37 plays, and 157 sonnets, Shakespeare is also knownRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth Draft1040 Words   |  5 PagesStuart Wodzro Honours English 9, Block 2 Shakespeare Essay February 26, 2016 MacBeth Draft No. 3 The strive for power is a human impulse, perhaps even a primitive compulsion. And, in the case of human beings at least, the impulse is not restricted solely to the necessities of life. Beings are devoted to gaining raw power itself and, through it, they loses themselves. As one may know, the lust for power is a mode of selfishness, where at one attempts to gratify every passion, but alas pleonexiaRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Macbeth 1887 Words   |  8 Pagesdisaster. â€Å"Macbeth’’ is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare and is considered one of his darkest and most powerful works. William Shakespeare was born in Stratford -upon -avon, in Warwickshire and was baptized a few days later on 26 April 1566. William Shakespeare was educated at the local King Edward grammar school Stratford and is considered by many to be the greatest playwright of all time.(Bio.) In Macbeth, William Shakespeare used ambition to show us Lady Macbeth and Macbeth and t heirRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth Essay1827 Words   |  8 PagesEnglish IV DE/AP 24 January 2016 Macbeth Research Paper Although William Shakespeare is not historically accurate with his play Macbeth, there are many possible reasons as to why his historical interpretation differs from reality. He may have wished to flatter the king and, when taken into historical context, may have wished to warn others of the fate handed to those who would oppose the king. Although there are many differences between the play and history, Shakespeare remains truthful in some aspectsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth s Fate823 Words   |  4 PagesTragedy of Macbeth, Shakespeare utilizes the battle between free will and destiny to make the reader question what the cause of Macbeth’s triumphs and ultimate demise was. Fate may come about in life, but it is ultimately up to a person’s own free will to make their own decisions. Macbeth’s fate in the play is determined by his own free will. Macbeth’s fate is determined by his own free will, as shown by his actions following the Weird Sister’s three prophecies. In the text, Shakespeare shows the

Contributing Factors Of Nocturnal Enuresis Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(81) " the urban country did non demo important difference from that of rural country\." Reappraisal of literature is an indispensable activity of scientific research undertaking. It helps to familiarize with the practical issue related to the job and enable the research worker to beef up the survey which helps to uncover the prevalent state of affairs of the similar survey. The reviewed literature for this survey is presented in the undermentioned subdivisions. We will write a custom essay sample on Contributing Factors Of Nocturnal Enuresis Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2.1 Prevalence and lending factors of nocturnal urinary incontinence 2.2 Management of nocturnal urinary incontinence 2.1 Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Nocturnal Enuresis: A cross sectional survey was conducted on prevalence and hazard factors of single-channel diagnostic nocturnal urinary incontinence in school kids of Ankara. Among 15150 kids, 9 % kids had mono diagnostic nocturnal urinary incontinence. Frequency was found to be higher in male childs than misss. Analysis revealed gender, method of lavatory preparation, sleep jobs, school success, and general attack of the household to kids and general behavioral attitudes of the kids as important factors and age, male gender, lavatory preparation with endangering method, deep slumber, sleep walking, being introverted and diffident significantly increase the hazard of nocturnal urinary incontinence ( Secil Ozkan, et al. , 2010 ) . An epidemiological cross sectional survey was conducted to find the prevalence of nocturnal urinary incontinence in kids 5-14 old ages in Sudan, 218 kids were involved in the survey and out of that 33.5 % kids were found to hold nocturnal urinary incontinence. Frequency was high among misss than male childs and the prevalence of bedwetting lessening as the age of the kid increased from 13.3 % at 5-7 old ages of age to 2-3 % at 12-14 old ages ( Magdi, A. H. , 2010 ) . A prevalence survey was conducted in Eastern Croatia to set up the prevalence of nocturnal urinary incontinence in 6-7 twelvemonth old kid. Factors associated with nocturnal urinary incontinence and parental perceptual experiences were besides evaluated. Parents of 3011 kids were included in the survey. The prevalence rate is 1.2 % and it is significantly more in male childs than misss. 68.6 % of kids had the household history of nocturnal urinary incontinence and merely 17.1 % of parents expressed some concern about job on kid ‘s future development ( Miskulin, M. et al. , 2010 ) . A cross sectional survey conducted in sou’-east of Turkey to analyze the epidemiology and factors associated with nocturnal urinary incontinence among get oning and daytime school kids revealed that the overall prevalence of nocturnal urinary incontinence was 14.9 % . The prevalence of nocturnal urinary incontinence declined with age. Of the 6 twelvemonth old kids 33.3 % had the job, while the ratio was 2.6 % for 15 years-olds. There was no important difference in prevalence of nocturnal urinary incontinence between male childs and misss. Enuresis was reported as 18.5 % among kids go toing twenty-four hours clip school and among those 11.5 % go toing boarding school.Prevalence of urinary incontinence was increased in kids populating in small towns, with low income and with positive household history. After multivariate analysis, history of urinary piece of land infection, age, low monthly income and household history of urinary incontinence were factors associated with urinary incontinence. 46.4 % of parents and 57.1 % of enuretic kids were significantly concerned about the impact of urinary incontinence ( Ali Gunes, Gulsen Gunes, Yasemin Acik and Adem Akilli, 2009 ) . A descriptive questionnaire based survey was done in Africa to measure the quality of life and sleep quality and the association between the parametric quantities in kids with single-channel diagnostic nocturnal urinary incontinence. 71 kids in the age group of 6-15 old ages were included in the survey and it was found that every bit age of the kid and the continuance of the job additions, self esteem, physical well-being and friend spheres worsens ( Ertan, P et Al, 2009 ) . A two-stage mental wellness study was conducted among 5000 urban kids to analyze the association between urinary incontinence and abnormal psychology in urban Ethiopian kids. It was found that male sex, younger age and lower achieved were holding this job. Nocturnal urinary incontinence was significantly higher for kids in households with important fiscal concerns and in kids from places where parents were separated. Children with DSM III-R anxiousness upsets, particularly simple phobic disorder, or riotous behavior upsets were found to hold significantly higher rate of urinary incontinence ( Menelik Desta, 2007 ) . A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2007 at Iran to gauge the prevalence of nocturnal urinary incontinence and determine associated factors revealed the prevalence of 6.8 % among 7562 kids. A important relationship was found between the prevalence of urinary incontinence and age, educational position of parents, figure of household urinary incontinence, rearing methods, and deep slumber. Prevalence of urinary piece of land pathology was 2.9 % in enuretic kids ( Mohammed.R. Safarinejad, 2007 ) . A descriptive survey was conducted in India to set up the prevalence of urinary incontinence in school kids and to find lending factor. Parents of 1473 kids aged between 6-10 old ages were surveyed. The overall prevalence of urinary incontinence was 7.61 % . Enuresis was more common in male childs. A positive household history of urinary incontinence was seen in 28.57 % kids ; 14.29 % of the kids had daytime wetting every bit good. Merely 24.11 % of the parents had taken their kid to a physician for the job. Family stressors, important birth history and lower socioeconomic position were present to a larger extent in the enuretic group. Scholastic retardation was besides an of import factor in this group ( Avinash De Sousa, Hema Kapoor, Jyoti Jagtap, Mercilina Sen, 2007 ) . A indiscriminately selected cross-sectional survey was conducted from simple schools in Changhua County, Taiwan, to look into the prevalence of nocturnal urinary incontinence among kids and to measure its associated factors and badness. The overall prevalence of nocturnal urinary incontinence was 6.8 % . The ratio of male to female was about 1.5. The prevalence of urinary incontinence harmonizing to age group declined from 12.5 % at 6 old ages to 2.0 % at 12 old ages. The prevalence of urinary incontinence in the urban country did non demo important difference from that of rural country. You read "Contributing Factors Of Nocturnal Enuresis Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples"Of the factors associated with urinary incontinence, gender, age, urinary frequence or urgency, heredity, imbibing wont before slumber and trouble in waking showed important difference after multiple logistic arrested development analysis ( Hui-Lung Tai, et al. , 2006 ) . . A instance control survey consisted of 55 kids with nocturnal urinary incontinence from a continency Centre and 117 matched controls from a general paediatric pattern revealed that suckling protects against the development of bedwetting. Bed-wetting was strongly associated with household history. Approximately 45 % of kids wet the bed if one parent was enuretic and 75 % wet the bed if both parents were enuretic. Twenty-one parents ( 38 % ) in the survey group and 6 parents ( 5 % ) in the control group were enuretic as kids ( Barone, et al. , 2006 ) . An epidemiological survey was conducted to look into the prevalence and features of nocturnal urinary incontinence ( NE ) and to analyze the prevalence of hyperactive vesica ( OAB ) symptoms in preteen schoolchildren. It was conducted in 6917 school kids belonging to 11 primary schools that were indiscriminately enrolled in the study. They assessed the relationships between nocturnal urinary incontinence and invalidating wonts, and episodes of cystitis and irregularity. They found the prevalence of nocturnal urinary incontinence to be 5.9 % and reciprocally related to increasing age. Nocturnal urinary incontinence and hyperactive vesica were detected in 5.9 % and 17.8 % of preadolescent and schoolchildren severally ( Kajiwara, et al.,2006 ) . A community study of urinary incontinence was carried out in 2002 among 300 seemingly healthy kids aged 5-16 old ages in Edo State, Nigeria with the purpose of determining the true prevalence of the disease and the parts of some organic causative factors. The overall prevalence of urinary incontinence was 21.3 % . Of the 64 kids who were enuretic, 58 ( 91 % ) had lone nocturnal enuresis.. Combined daylight and dark clip urinary incontinence accounted for merely six ( 9.4 % ) instances. Ninety-four per centum of instances of urinary incontinence were primary, while merely six were secondary. Prevalence of urinary incontinence declined significantly with increasing age.There was a strong association between urinary incontinence and household history of bed wetting. Enuresis was more common in males, in kids drawn from households of hapless socio-economic position, among first order births, and among those with symptomless bacteriuria ( Iduoriyekemwen, N.J.,2006 ) .A A A A cohort survey was conducted to find the prevalence of nocturnal urinary incontinence among 13971 kids at 7.5 old ages old, revealed that 1260 kids ( 15.5 % ) at 7.5 old ages wet the bed, but most wet one time or less a hebdomad. A higher prevalence was reported in male childs than misss. 266 kids had both daytime wetting and bedwetting, with 189 ( 2.3 % ) holding both daytime soilure and bedwetting. Daytime urgency increased with badness of bedwetting and occurred in 28.9 % of kids with nocturnal urinary incontinence ( Richard.J. Butler, Jean Golding, Kate Northstone, 2005 ) .Bottom of Form A cross sectional population based survey was conducted in Turkey to set up the prevalence of urinary incontinence among school kids and find the hazard factors associated with this upset. Among 1576 schoolchildren aged between 6-16 old ages, the overall prevalence of urinary incontinence was 12.4 % and a important relationship was found between the prevalence of urinary incontinence and age, educational degree of male parent, the household ‘s monthly income, and figure of household members. Mono diagnostic nocturnal urinary incontinence was found to be more common in male child. Both maternal and paternal low educational position were found to be associated with single-channel diagnostic nocturnal urinary incontinence. It was found to be more common in the kids of unemployed female parents. Nocturnal urinary incontinence was found to be more associated with big households ( Gur, E. et al. , 2004 ) . Community study of a graded sample of 400 kids in the age group of 6-12 old ages in United Arab Emirates to find the prevalence, socio demographic correlatives and associated abnormal psychology in kids with urinary incontinence was found out that nocturnal urinary incontinence was associated with psychosocial emphasis in the household and positive household history ( Eapen, V. , 2003 ) . A randomised controlled test was done to analyze self image of kids with nocturnal urinary incontinence. 50 sample in the age group of 8-12 old ages were included. It was found out that kids with nocturnal urinary incontinence had low ego regard than others ( Theunis, et al.,2002 ) . 2.2 Management of Nocturnal Enuresis: A randomized prospective survey was performed to measure the efficaciousness of different manners of combined therapy in kids with single-channel diagnostic nocturnal urinary incontinence. One group was treated with primary Desmopressin and another group was treated with primary dismay intervention that was combined with Desmopressin after 3 months. 22/30 ( 73 % ) kids were dry after combined intervention, dwelling of 12/18 male childs and 10/12 misss. Combined therapy proved effectual in kids with mono-symptomatic nocturnal urinary incontinence after 6 months ( Vogt, M. , 2010 ) . A cross sectional survey was conducted to look into the efficaciousness of dismay intervention in a sample of 84 Brazilian kids and striplings with nocturnal urinary incontinence. During 32 hebdomads, they were received alarm intervention together with hebdomadal psychological support Sessionss for single households or groups of 5 to 10 households. 71 % of the participants achieved success, defined as 14 back-to-back dry darks. The consequence was similar for kids and striplings and for single or group support ( Pereira, R.F. , 2010 ) . A descriptive survey was designed to measure the success rates of the enuretic dismay device in patients ( 6-16 old ages ) with mono-symptomatic nocturnal urinary incontinence in Ankara, Turkey. 40 patients who had important mono-symptomatic nocturnal urinary incontinence ( three or more wet darks per hebdomad ) were included. They used an enuretic dismay for 12 hebdomads ab initio. 27 patients became dry at dark at the terminal of three months ( Ozgur, B.C. , 2009 ) . A randomized control test conducted in Netherland to measure the short- and long-run effects of simple behavioral intercessions for nocturnal urinary incontinence in immature kids note that nocturnal urinary incontinence occurs in up to 10 % of 10-year-old kids and that male childs have higher rates of urinary incontinence at older ages than do misss. This survey compared the comparative effectivity of 3 interventions with a control group. Parents completed journals detailing dark urinary incontinence episodes for up to 6 months after registration. The survey enrolled 570 participants, with 140 to 147 kids in each of the 4 groups. Sixty per centum of the participants were male. Success rates at least 14 darks dry in a row at 6 months after registration were 21 % in the control group, 27 % in the lifting with watchword group, 37 % in the lifting without watchword group, and 32 % in the star chart/reward group ( Van Dommelen, P. , 2009 ) . A prospective survey was done to measure the long-run success of the enuretic dismay device in patients with single-channel diagnostic primary nocturnal urinary incontinence in Turkey. Sixty-two patients who had important single-channel diagnostic primary nocturnal urinary incontinence were included. They used an enuretic dismay for 3 months. At the terminal of the intervention, 15 of the patients did non hold benefit from the enuretic dismay. 47 patients benefited from the enuretic dismay. Thirty-one of the 62 patients underwent combination intervention ( enuretic dismay plus medical therapy ) for unsuccessful enuretic dismay intervention. The overall full response rate for combination intervention was 16.1 % . ( Tuncel A, et al. , 2008 ) . A randomised controlled test was done to compare alarm intercessions with no active intervention, behavioral intercessions, drugs or other intervention for intervention of non-organic nocturnal urinary incontinence in kids less than 16 old ages found that dismaies reduced nocturnal urinary incontinence and intervention failure ( Glazener, C. M. , 2008 ) . A retrospective analysis was performed on informations from 423 kids in the age group of 6-12 old ages to measure the combination of urinary incontinence dismay and desmopressin in handling kids with urinary incontinence found out that 74 % of kids treated merely with dismay became dry and 26 % of kids being cured by combination of desmopressin and dismay ( Kamperis, K. , 2008 ) . A randomised controlled test was done in Turkey to measure the effectivity of short term desmopressin to enuritic dismay. 58 kids were included in the survey. The consequences showed that add-on of short term desmopressin to dismay therapy was more effectual merely in the intervention clip, but it did non alter the response to dismay therapy in long term ( Aktas, B. K. , 2008 ) . A survey was conducted to find the consequence and prognostic factors of backsliding 1 twelvemonth after combination therapy of an urinary incontinence dismay, vesica preparation, motivational therapy and keeping control preparation for nocturnal urinary incontinence in 77 kids at Gasthuisberg. Gender, age, sleep rousing, family-history, vesica capacity, hyperactive vesica, night-time polyuria, continuance of intervention, over acquisition and psychosocial factors were investigated. The backsliding rate during the whole twelvemonth was 50 % , with 33.8 % of topics being dry and 16.2 % sometimes wet. The backsliding rate after 1 twelvemonth was 16 % . The backsliding rate during the twelvemonth was high while the backsliding rate after 1 twelvemonth was low. Psychosocial jobs and hyperactive vesica were the lone 2 prognostic factors for backsliding ( Van Kampen M, et al. , 2004 ) . A retrospective survey was conducted to happen out the effectivity of behavioral therapy for primary nocturnal enuresis.250 kids in the age group of 5-17 old ages were selected for the survey it was found out that behavioural therapy is effectual than desmopressin ( Marcopennes, et al. , 2004 ) . In a case-based survey, on a 6 twelvemonth 6 month old kid with ailments of bedwetting twice a hebdomad, a complete physical scrutiny and history aggregation was performed. Child was treated with motivational therapy and was recommended parents of the kid to be supportive of the patient ‘s dry darks avoid unfavorable judgment of wet darks, avoid inordinate fluid intake 2 hours before bedtime and emptying his vesica at bedtime. After 1 month it was found that bedwetting job had improved significantly ( Paredes, 2002 ) . A controlled test was undertaken to measure the practicableness and efficaciousness of handling enuretic kids in residential Children ‘s Homes by agencies of the urinary incontinence dismay. A control group design was employed with 19 and 20 topics in the intervention and control groups severally. Eighteen of the 19 intervention group kids achieved initial apprehension of urinary incontinence in a mean of 11.9 hebdomads of intervention ( range 5-28 hebdomads ) . After a follow-up period of at least 20 months, 17 of the 19 kids were known to be dry. It was concluded that dismay intervention was effectual and operable in Children ‘s Homes as in household state of affairss ( Jehu, D. , 2002 ) . A randomised controlled test was conducted at Canada to find the ego construct and behavior alteration after 6 months of intervention with conditioning dismay. 182 kids of age more than 7 old ages were included and it was found that there is betterment in the kids ‘s ego construct after dismay intervention ( Longstaff, S. , 2000 ) . A randomized prospective survey was done in France to compare the effectivity of desmopressin and dismay intervention. 135 kids were included in the survey from the age group of 6-16 old ages. The survey consequences showed that desmopressin was effectual merely for short term and urinary incontinence dismay was effectual for long term ( Faraj, G. et al. , 1999 ) A survey conducted to happen out the effectivity of star charts among127 kids who were referred to an urinary incontinence clinic. The mean age was 8.8 old ages old, and most of the kids were considered to hold terrible urinary incontinence, holding been already unsuccessfully treated. Of the 127 kids, 22 became dry when star charts were used to honor their behavior. Eighty-one of the staying 96 kids had an initial success of 42 back-to-back dry darks. Failure to accomplish waterlessness for six months was strongly associated with psychiatric upsets in the topics, household emphasis, and the absence of concern by kid and parents ( Hanafin, 1998 ) . An experimental survey was conducted in United Kingdom to measure the efficaciousness of dismay glandular fever therapy with combination of dismay and desmopressin. 35 kids in the age group of 6-12 old ages were included in the survey. Study showed that kids having combination therapy had more dry darks per hebdomad ( Bradburry, M. , 1997 ) . A retrospective survey among 541 kids at kids ‘s Hospital of Florence University revealed that motivational therapy is effectual. All the patients have been ab initio helped merely with motivational guidance and 76 among them obtained lasting remedy. The staying 250 kids were treated with the conditioning dismay system, ever associated to periodic conversation, urine halt exercisings and other psychological support like nominal economic system. The consequences obtained of this sort of intervention after a followup of 6 months, were lasting recovery in 211 kids ( 84 % ) Sing the sex, no important difference was noted. These positive consequences with the conditioning devices favor the position that the etiology of primary urinary incontinence is chiefly biologic. The bell dismay represents the most effectual intervention for nocturnal urinary incontinence ( Bartolozzi, G. , 1991 ) . A survey conducted to place household factors, and with emotional emphasis factors related to nocturnal urinary incontinence, 127 kids who were referred to an urinary incontinence clinic in Sydney were studied. The mean age was 8.8 old ages old, and most of the kids were considered to hold terrible urinary incontinence, holding been already unsuccessfully treated. One-third of the topics ‘ male parents and 70 per centum of female parents were unemployed, and 41 per centum of parents acknowledged environmental emphasis such as fiscal or matrimonial strife, or serious unwellness or decease in the household. Of the 127 kids, 22 became dry when star charts were used to honor their behavior. Eighty-one of the staying kids had an initial success of 42 back-to-back dry darks. The survey suggests that the high success rate in these kids is related to shut supervising by clinic forces, encouragement of the household, and by giving the kid about complete duty for following the plan. Care ful designation of associated factors like medical unwellness, household emphasis, and other jobs such as lodging must be addressed as portion of an effectual urinary incontinence plan ( Devlin, J.B. , 1990 ) . Bibiliography Books Achar ‘s ( 2009 ) . Textbook Of Pediatrics. 4th Edition, Hydrabad: Universities Press Publication Adele Pillitteri, ( 2007 ) . Child Health Nursing. 5th Edition, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Publication Anupam Sachdeva, ( 2007 ) . Progresss In Pediatrics. 1st Edition, New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Company Basavanthappa, B. T. ( 1998 ) . Nursing Research. 1st Edition, New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Company Cecily Lynn Betz, ( 1999 ) . Nursing Care Of Children And Family. 2 Nd Edition, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders David. , M.Hall ( 2003 ) . Health For All Children. 4th Edition, Newyork: Oxford University Press Publication Denise. , F.Polit ( 1999 ) . Nursing Research. 6th Edition, Philadelphia: Lippincot Publication Dorothy, R. Marlow ( 1988 ) . Textbook Of Pediatric Nursing. 6th Edition, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Jane. , A. Fox ( 1997 ) .Primary Health Care Of Children.2ndedition, London: Mosby Publication Krishna. , M.Goel, K.Devendra ( 2009 ) . Hutchison ‘s Pediatrics.1st Edition, New Delhi: Jaypee Publication Lippincott ( 1999 ) . Manual Of Nursing Practice. 5th Edition, Usa: Lippincot Publication. Marilyn. , J.Hockenberry ( 2009 ) .Essentials Of Paediatric Nursing.5thedition, London: Mosby Publication Nancy. , T.Hatfield ( 2008 ) .Paediatric Nursing, 7th Edition, Philadelphia: Lippincot Publication Neil Mclntosh, Peter Helms ( 2008 ) . Textbook Of Pediatrics.7th Edition, Philadelphia: Elsevier Publication Nicke. , L. Pott ( 2002 ) . Pediatric Nursing Care Of Children And Their Family. 3rd Edition, Delmar: Thomson Publication Parthasarathy. , A ( 2009 ) .Iap Text Book Of Pediatrics. 4th Edition, New Delhi: Jaypee Publication. Robert. , M.Kriegman, J.Karen ( 2006 ) .Essentials Of Paediatrics.5thedition, Philadelphia: Saunders Publication Susan Gupta ( 2009 ) . Short Text Book Of Pediatrics.17 Th Edition, New Delhi: Jaypee Publication. Susan Rowen James ( 2007 ) . Nursing Care Of Children. 3rd Edition, Philadelphia: Saunders Publication Terri Kyle ( 2008 ) . Necessities Of Paediatric Nursing. 1st Edition, Philadelphia: Lippincot Publication Tom Lissauer, Graham Claydan ( 2007 ) Illustrated Text Book Of Pediatrics,3rd Edition, Spain: Mosby Publication Diaries Aubert, D. , Berard, E ( 2010 ) â€Å" Isolated Primary Nocturnal Enuresis: International Evidence Based Management. Consensus Recommendations By French Expert Group † , Progress En Urology,20 ( 5 ) , Pp.343-349. Avinash De Sousa, Hema Kapoor, Jyoti Jagtap, Mercilina Sen ( 2007 ) â€Å" Prevalence And Factors Affecting Enuresis Amongst Primary School, Indian Journal Of Urology,23 ( 4 ) , Pp.354-357. Bartolozzi G Et Al. , ( 1991 ) â€Å" Evaluation And Treatment Of Enuritic Child: 8 Year Experience † , Pediatric Medical Care, 13 ( 9 ) , Pp.389-393. Carmann, K.B. , Ceran, O. , Kaya, C. , Karaman, M, I. , ( 2008 ) â€Å" Nocturnal Enuresis In Turkey: Prevalence And Accompanying Factors In Different Socioeconomic Environments † , International Journal Of Urology, 80 ( 4 ) , Pp. 362-369. Cracco, A. , Belloli, G. , Ronconi, G.F. , ( 1984 ) â€Å" Sound Alarms And Conditioning Therapy In The Treatment Of Childhood Enuresis: A Study Of 180 Cases † , Pediatric Medical Care, 6 ( 5 ) , Pp.681-689. Devlin, J.B. , ( 1992 ) â€Å" Prevalence And Risk Factors For Childhood Nocturnal Enuresis † , Ireland Medical Journal,84 ( 4 ) , Pp.118-120. Devlin, J.B. , Cathain, C. , Ranmer Terrace, ( 1990 ) â€Å" Predicting Treatment Outcome In Nocturnal Enuresis † , Archieves Of Diseases In Childhood, 65 ( 10 ) , Pp.1158-1161. Glazener, Cathry, Evans, Jonathan, ( 2004 ) â€Å" Treating Nocturnal Enuresis In Children: Reappraisal Of Evidence † , Journal Of Wound, Ostomy And Continence, 31 ( 4 ) , Pp.223-234. Glazener, C.M. , Evans, J.H. , ( 2000 ) â€Å" Desmopressin For Nocturnal Enuresis In Children, Cochrane Data Base Systematic Review † , Ireland Medical Journal,84 ( 4 ) , Pp.118-120 Grahamani, M. , Mahdi. , Amir Ali. , ( 2008 ) â€Å" Nocturnal Enuresis And Its Impact On Growth, Iran Journal Of Pediatrics,18, Pp.167-170. Gunes, A. , Gunes, G. , ( 2009 ) â€Å" The Epidemiology And Factors Associated With Nocturnal Enuresis Among Boarding And Daytime School Children In South East Of Turkey: A Cross Sectional Study † , B M C Public Health,22 ( 9 ) , Pp. 357-358. Gur, E. , Et Al, ( 2004 ) . â€Å" Enuresis: Prevalence, Risk Factors And Urinary Pathology Among School Children In Istanbul, Turkey † , International Journal Of Pediatrics,46 ( 1 ) , Pp58-63. Gumus, B. , Et Al, ( 1999 ) , â€Å" Prevalence Of Nocturnal Enuresis And Its Associated Factors In Children Aged 7-11 Old ages In Turkey † , Acta Pediatrics, 88 ( 12 ) , Pp.1369-1372. Hai Lung Tai, Et Al. , ( 2007 ) â€Å" The Epidemiology And Factors Associated With Nocturnal Enuresis And Its Severity In Primary School Children In Taiwan † , Acta Pediatrics, 96 ( 2 ) , Pp.242-245. Hanaffin, ( 2006 ) â€Å" The Challenge Of Treating Enuresis: Treatment Options † , Urology Of Nursing,26 ( 3 ) , Pp.222-224. Ibadin, M. O. , ( 2006 ) â€Å" Survey Of Childhood Enuresis In Ehor Community, Nigeria † , Saudi Journal Of Kidney Disease And Transplantation, 17 ( 2 ) , Pp.177-182. Joseph Barone, Cristopher, ( 2009 ) â€Å" Nocturnal Enuresis And Overweight Are Associated With Obstructive Sleep Apnea † , Pediatrics, 124 ( 1 ) , Pp. 53-59. Joseph Barone, Andrew, ( 2006 ) â€Å" Breast Feeding During Infancy May Protect Against Bedwetting During Childhood † , Pediatrics, 118 ( 1 ) , Pp. 254-259. Joseph, L, Mathew. , ( 2010 ) â€Å" Evidence Based Management Of Nocturnal Enuresis ; An Overview Of Systematic Reviews † , Indian Journal Of Pediatrics,47, Pp.777-779. Kamperis, K. , ( 2008 ) â€Å" Combination Of Enuresis Alarm And Desmopressin: Second Line Treatment Of Nocturnal Enuresis † , Journal Of Urology,179 ( 3 ) , Pp.1128-1131. Kwak, K.W. , Park, K.H. , ( 2008 ) â€Å" Clinical Incompatibility Of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Between Questionnaire And Bladder Diary In Children With Nocturnal Enuresis † , Journal Of Urology, 180, Pp. 1085-1090. Lottman, H.B. , Alova, I. , ( 2007 ) â€Å" Primary Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis In Children And Adolescents † , International Journal Of Clinical Practice, 155, Pp.8-16. Mandy Vogt, Thomas. , ( 2010 ) â€Å" Evaluation Of Different Modes Of Combined Therapy In Children With Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis † , British Journal Of Urology International, 105 ( 10 ) , Pp.1456-1459. Mitsuru Kajiwara Et Al. , ( 2006 ) â€Å" Nocturnal Enuresis And Hyperactive Bladder In Children: An Epidemiologic Survey † , International Journal Of Urology,13 ( 1 ) , Pp. 36-41. Menelik Desta, Bruno Huggler. , ( 2007 ) † Socio Demographic And Psychopathologic Correlates Of Enuresis In Urban Ethiopian Children † , Acta Pediatrics,96 ( 4 ) , Pp. 556-560. Muhammed, R.Safarinejad. , ( 2007 ) â€Å" Prevalence Of Nocturnal Enuresis, Risk Factors, Associated Familial Factors And Urinary Pathology Among School Children In Iran † , Journal Of Pediatric Urology,3 ( 60 ) , Pp.443-452. Oge, O. , Kocak, I. ( 2001 ) â€Å" Enuresis: Point Prevalence And Associated Factors ren Among Turkish Child † . Turkish Journal Of Pediatrics,43 ( 1 ) , Pp.38-43. Ozgur, B, C. , Ozgur, S. , Dogan, V. , Orun, U, A. , ( 2009 ) â€Å" The Efficacy Of An Enuresis Alarm In Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis † , Singapore Medical Journal,50 ( 9 ) , Pp.879-880. Ozkan, C. , Durukan, E. , Iseri, E. , Gurocak, S. , ( 2010 ) â€Å" Prevalence And Risk Factors Of Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis In Turkish Children † , Indian Journal Of Urology,26 ( 2 ) , Pp.200-205. Paula, Van, Dommelen. , ( 2009 ) † The Short And Long Term Effects Of Simple Behavioural Interventions For Nocturnal Enuresis In Young Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial † , Journal Of Pediatrics, 154 ( 5 ) , Pp.22-29. Rodrigo, F, Pereira. , ( 2010 ) â€Å" Behavioral Alarm Treatment For Nocturnal Enuresis † , International Brazilian Journal Of Urology,36, Pp.332-338. Tuncel, A. , Mavituna, I. ( 2008 ) â€Å" Long Term Follow Up Of Enuretic Alarm Treatment In Nocturnal Enuresis † , Norse Journal Of Urology And Nephrology, 42 ( 5 ) , Pp.449-454. Valsamma, Eapen. , Mabrouk. , ( 2003 ) â€Å" Prevalence And Correlates Of Nocturnal Enuresis In The United Arab Emirates † , Saudi Medical Journal, 2003, 24 ( 1 ) , Pp.49- 51. Van, Londenet Al. , ( 1993 ) † Nocturnal Enuresis And Alarms: Treatment Of Choice † , Behavioral Research And Therapy, 31 ( 6 ) , Pp.613-615. Van Hoecke, Et Al. , ( 2007 ) â€Å" Early Detection Of Psychological Problems In A Population Of Children With Nocturnal Enuresis † , Journal Of Urology,178, Pp. 2611-2615. Van, Hoche, Et Al. , ( 2008 ) â€Å" Bettering The Cure Rate Of Enuresis Alarm Treatment For Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis By Increasing Bladder Capacity: A Randomized Controlled Trial In Children † , Journal Of Urology,179, Pp. 1122-1123. Net Search: www.ajitmh.org www.adc.bmj.com www.cdc.gov www.chestnet.org www.idrc.ca www.ispub.com www.laia.ac.uk www.libertonline.com www.masterdocs.com www.ners.fk.unair.ac.id www.nih.gov www.nnlbi.nih.gov www.who.org www.erj.ersjournals.com How to cite Contributing Factors Of Nocturnal Enuresis Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Should Abortion Be Legal Essay Example For Students

Should Abortion Be Legal Essay Abortion Prolife viewAbortion, the termination of pregnancy before the fetus is capable of independent life, can either be spontaneous or induced. It is called the knowing destruction of the life of an unborn child. (Mass General Laws Chapter 112 Section 12K) When abortion occurs spontaneously, it is called a miscarriage. However, when the loss of a fetus is caused intentionally, it is regarded as a moral issue. Abortion destroys the lives of helpless, innocent children and is illegal in many countries. An estimate of 1.2 million are performed each year. In retrospect, an estimate 38,010,378 innocent children were aborted since 1973 when the process was legalized. Abortion is a simple and safe procedure if it is done by trained medical workers during the first trimester. There are four different techniques utilized during the first twelve weeks of pregnancy. Suction aspiration, also known as vacuum curettage, is the most common surgical means of abortion. This is when a powerful suc tion tube with a sharp cutting edge is inserted into the womb through the dilated cervix. The suction dismembers the body of the developing baby, tearing the placenta from the wall of the uterus, and sucking blood, amniotic fluids, placental tissue, and fetal parts into a bottle. Although it is one of the safer methods, there are still frequent complications such as infection and tearing of the uterus, causing hemorrhaging. Dilatation and Curettage (DC) is another surgical process involving the insertion of a loop shaped steel knife to cut the babys body into pieces. The placenta is then scraped off the uterine wall. There is a higher risk of infection with D;C and greater blood loss than with Suction aspiration. RU 486 and Methotrexate are two similar types of chemical abortion. RU 486 is a pill that can be taken orally only during the five to nine week period. Three trips must be made to the abortion clinic. In the first, the RU 486 pill is administered after a physical examinatio n. During the 2nd, 36 48 hours later, the woman is given a dose of artificial prostaglandins initiating uterine contractions. This causes the embryonic baby to be expelled from the uterus. The third visit, about two weeks later, can determine whether the abortion has been completed or if further surgery is necessary. Methotrexate is administered by intramuscular injection. It attacks growing cells of the trophoblast, which functions as the life support system for the baby. This injection causes the immediate disintegration of sheltering environment in which the embryo lives. Without food or fluids, the living, helpless fetus dies. This dangerous method is rarely used because of its unpredictable side affects. The second trimester includes the thirteenth to twenty-eighth week. Dilatation and Evacuation (D;E), similar to D;C, uses forceps with sharp metal jaws to grasp the parts of the baby and tear them away from the body. The babys skull is often hardened to bone and must sometimes be crushed or compressed. The only side affect is profuse bleeding, and impossible cervical laceration. The rest of the procedures can be done during either the second or third trimester (the twenty-ninth to fortieth week). The first method is Salt Poisoning, otherwise known as saline amniocentesis. A needle is inserted into the abdomen of the mother. Her amniotic fluid is replaced with a solution of concentrated salt. Upon swallowing the salt, the baby is instantly poisoned. This can also cause painful burning of the babys skin and deterioration. The baby will die after about an hour. The mother delivers the dead baby after a period of 33 35 hours. Some common side affects are seizures, coma, and even death. Prostaglandins are naturally produced chemical compounds which normally aid in the birthing process. However, the injection of artificial prostaglandins at too early a stage induce violent labor followed by premature birth. Often, various forms of toxins, are inserted to insu re dead delivery. Partial Birth Abortion, also known as Dilation and Extraction (D;E), is used to abort women who are 20 32 weeks pregnant. The abortionist grabs the unborn babys legs with a pair of forceps, pulling the entire baby, excluding the head, into the birth canal. Scissors are jammed and then opened into the babys skull, and the brain is suctioned out with a catheter. The dead baby is then removed from the uterus. Hysterotomy is a method generally used when others have failed. Incisions are made into the abdomen and uterus, and the baby is removed. Babies are sometimes born alive during this procedure. This method offers the highest risk to the health of the mother because of the potential of rupturing. Some immediate abortion risks include infection leading to sterility or death, excessive bleeding, high fever, a perforated uterus leading to sterility, shock and death. Abortion also increases the risk of breast cancer, cervical cancer, tubal pregnancy, miscarriage, prema ture birth, and sterility. The Catholic Church teaches that all humans have a right to live, from the moment of conception until the natural ordained moment of death. According to these teachings, a person is living when as young as an embryo until the last second of life before death. Any of the above stated forms of abortion are morally wrong because they murder a fetus which is living, moving, and breathing. With abortion, we give ourselves dominion over a large part of Gods plan. Our destiny, our fate, and our entire race are intensely affected when we take the decision into our own hands. Playing God by intervening in human life transforms us into murderers. We do not have the capacity to choose life or death for a defenseless fetus. Pope John Paul II teaches that life is always good, a conclusion derived from the handiwork of God in creating man in the image and likeness of God. (Gen. I;26) Thus the human being a limited but true mirror of Gods glory, has a sublime dignity and his life is held to be inviolable. When the Commandments were handed down to Moses, they were ordained to be true by God. One of those central values was thou shall not kill. Abortion is a direct violation of the fifth Commandment. Even in hard cases such as rape and incest, Catholics believe there are better options. Only one percent of abortions done each year are a result of involuntary sexual occurrences. Every baby is wanted and loved by God who has a distinct plan for their lives. It denies the child the right to live and society the privilege of the childs gift and contributions to the world. God hears the new life in the womb, the heart within the heart, the anguish cry of hostage child sobbing in the dark. Many times after having an abortion, a woman will become emotionally unstable. Post-abortion syndrome describes the trauma of the woman who finally feels guilty, understands the repercussions of her actions, and regrets her previous decision. Statistics show that 92% fee l less in touch with their emotions or feel a need to suppress their emotions. 82% had greater feelings of loneliness or isolation and 86% had increased tendency toward anger or rage. 53% increased or began use of drugs and/or alcohol. 28% attempted suicide. Depression, anxiety, insomnia, and suicide are all common symptoms a woman will encounter after an abortion. Post-abortion counseling is available to aid any woman who is suffering from the pain of death and moral responsibility. In 1973, the process of abortion was legalized in the United States after the cases of Roe verses Wade and Doe verses Bolton. Norma McCorvey lied under oath, saying that she was gang raped. After her testimony, the jury decided to authorize abortions for only the first three months of pregnancy and allowed abortion until birth if a licensed physician judged it necessary for the womans health. In the second case, the United States senate judiciary committee concluded that no barriers of any kind would be put on a woman who chose to have an abortion at any stage of her pregnancy. Under United States law, murder is illegal and the consequences for any such action would be imprisonment or, in some states, capital punishment. This is so because human have the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness according to the Constitution. First and foremost is the right to live. It should not be any different in regards to unborn children. A person is created at the instant of conception. Therefore, every instance of abortion is murder. Even pro-choice activists agree with the scientific aspects of a babys development within the womb. They believe that although all the organs of a person are present, it is not a person until its birth. Therefore, in their opinion, the fetus doesnt have any rights, not even the simple right of existence. How can a woman go through with an abortion if she knows the following facts? At 0 days old, the egg and sperm unite. A new life genetically distin ct from the mothers is created. At 4 days old, the cells begin to differentiate. From 18-21 days, the heart of the baby begins to beat. At 6-7 weeks, the nerves and muscles work together for the first time. At 7 weeks, spontaneous movement is detectable. One hundred thousand new nerve cells are made each minute. From 7-8 weeks, the palm and finger prints form. At 8 weeks, all of the unborn babys organs are formed, the feet and hands have taken form, and it has the shape of an adult brain. At 11 weeks, all the body systems are working and hiccups can occur. At 3 months old, there is a distinct individuality in behavior. At 4 months old, kicks of the feet can be detected, females have all 5 million ova formed, and the mother will start to show. At 5 months old, there is response to sound and light. At 6 months old, if cared for properly, the baby can be born prematurely. So what exactly is the question? Life begins at the moment of conception, which was established. If it is murder to kill a human being, in any stage of life, there should be no debate. If it is a moral and social sin, why is this paper even necessary? It should be evident, through our own human nature that to kill our own offspring is WRONG. Life begets life. We have an obligation to the world to keep human life sacred. More than that however, we have an obligation to our own bodies not to allow such violence to be committed. Although this deprivation is one in which the child is denied life, it is one in which the mother is denied the joy and opportunity to raise that baby. In the long run, this will inflict pain on herself, and with each year passing, the emotional effects become more and more taxing. Even Norma McCorvy herself, better known as Jane Roe (in Roe vs. Wade) admits that abortion is an evil, as she is presently an active member of the pro-life movement. Many believe that abortion should be legalized for the extreme cases of pregnancy due to rape and incest. If a child is a product of violence, there is no need to harm another persons life trying to heal the pain of the woman. This only guarantees further emotional stress for the victimized woman in the future. The disgusting descriptions and pictures available showing the dead baby after the process can change ones mind. The tiny, innocent looking little babies have suffered a great deal of pain in their last minutes of survival. Because a brain, heart, and nerves have been developed, a fetus is able to feel death just as any other human would. A mother whose child is killed is always devastated with her loss. It is natural for a mother to feel the same way after having her child aborted before having a chance to care for and nurture her son or daughter who is a part of her. In conclusion, through research and evaluation of data, we have determined that abortion is morally wrong and destructive in all circumstances. God, the ultimate creator who decides the fate of all humans who come into existence, is the o nly One with the ability to choose life or death for His people. For us to make this decision ourselves, we are taking dominion over God and disregarding the Predestination that He intends for each living person. Works CitedFettner, Ann Giudici. Abortion. Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia. 1996. Hope and Healing. Massachusetts Citizens for Life. Elliot Institute, 1998. Levy, Robert J. Abortion. Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia. 1993-1995. Pro Life Reference Journal. Massachusetts Citizens for Life. Massachusetts Citizens for Life. 1998 Schwarz, Dr. Stephen. The Moral Question of Abortion. Online Available: http://www.ohiolife.org/mqa/13-5.htm. Unknown. Abortion Techniques: Suction Aspiration. Online Available: http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/asmf4.html. Unknown. Is Abortion Safe: Physical Complications. Online Available: http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/asmfl3.htmlUnknown. Over 38 Million Abortions in U.S. since 1973. Online Available: http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/aboramt.html Peer Pressure Essay